麻豆传媒入口

LEXINGTON, Va., Oct. 31, 2017鈥擩udge and Fox News judicial commentator Andrew Napolitano argued last night that the inalienable rights of man as outlined in the Declaration of Independence and elaborated in the Bill of Rights safeguard personal freedoms that are intrinsic to humanity and therefore should be the deciding factor when the judiciary determines whether or not laws are constitutional.

Napolitano, a graduate of Princeton University and the University of Notre Dame Law School, delivered the keynote address at VMI鈥檚 eighth annual leadership and ethics conference, this year titled, 鈥淪peaking Truth to Power: Candid and Courageous Civil Discourse.鈥�

Napolitano, the youngest life-tenured Superior Court judge in New Jersey history and a prolific author, chose as his topic, 鈥淪peaking Truth to Power: How Do We Know When the Government Ignores the Constitution and What Can We Do About It?鈥�

Napolitano began his remarks by saying that one can find a strong example of natural law, or what Jefferson would later call the inalienable rights of man, in the words of the Renaissance humanist Thomas More.

More, a lawyer who had served as lord chancellor of England, roughly equivalent to today鈥檚 prime minister, was on trial for treason in 1535 for refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England, when he remarked, 鈥淪ome men say the earth is round, and some men say the earth is flat. But if it is round, could the king鈥檚 command flatten it, and if it is flat, could an act of Parliament make it round?鈥�

This sense of a natural order of things, what is today known as natural law, was later picked up by the Enlightenment thinker John Locke and then Jefferson.

鈥淭he natural law teaches that our rights come from our humanity,鈥� explained Napolitano. 鈥淭hese are the rights we would have if government didn鈥檛 exist.鈥�

Because he believed that these rights were intrinsic to humanity, and not granted by government, James Madison took pains to outline them in the Bill of Rights, Napolitano stated, as a safeguard against government intrusion into citizens鈥� affairs.

The 1787 constitutional convention, Napolitano said, pitted against each other two opposing sets of ideas. One, championed by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, held that the rights of the citizenry come from the government, while the other, supported by Madison, held that individuals have intrinsic rights given them by their Creator, which the government cannot take away because it never had the right to grant them in the first place.

鈥淭he Constitution is a compromise of these two ideas,鈥� said Napolitano. It鈥檚 because of Madison鈥檚 strong belief in natural law, Napolitano argued, that the Bill of Rights states, 鈥淐ongress shall make no law 鈥� abridging the freedom of speech,鈥� and not, 鈥淐ongress shall grant the freedom of speech.鈥�

Over the course of U.S. history, the Bill of Rights has safeguarded Americans from the encroachments of government, particularly in war time, Napolitano noted鈥攁nd it鈥檚 under fire today as terrorist threats abound and the balance between safety and liberty seems more difficult than ever to achieve.

鈥淒oes government exist to do the greater good for the greater number, or does it exist to protect the natural rights of law?鈥� asked Napolitano. Going back to the constitutional convention, Napolitano noted that this was a question left unsettled even at the end of the 1780s, prompting Benjamin Franklin to observe, 鈥淭hose who sacrifice essential liberty, in order to attain a level of temporary level of safety, deserve neither liberty or safety.鈥�

Turning his attention to the present day, Napolitano heaped scorn on the Patriot Act, calling it 鈥渁n abominable piece of legislation,鈥� thanks largely to its blatant disregard for the First Amendment protections against search and seizure without a warrant. As it is written, the legislation also says that individuals cannot talk to one another about a warrant, a provision which has been declared unconstitutional.

鈥淯nder the Patriot Act, you can鈥檛 tell your spouse in the bedroom, your priest in the confessional, your lawyer in your lawyer鈥檚 office, that you have received [a warrant] without discussing it and thereby violating the terms of the statute,鈥� Napolitano declared. 鈥淒oes the Constitution really give that kind of power to the Congress?鈥�

It is up to the judiciary鈥攁 branch of the government that Napolitano termed 鈥榓nti-democratic鈥� because it protects against majority rule鈥攖o provide the checks and balances necessary against excessive governmental intrusion into citizens鈥� private lives, Napolitano believes.

鈥淭he right to hold and express an opinion is natural to our humanity, and even the majority can鈥檛 take it away,鈥� he stated. 

During a brief question-and-answer period after his remarks, Napolitano took questions from his audience about topics that included the free speech implications the recent white nationalist rally in Charlottesville.

鈥淭he Charlottesville protests were a failure of government,鈥� Napolitano replied. He explained that government is supposed to protect the right of the speaker to speak and the hearer to listen. 鈥淗ate speech is protected speech,鈥� he commented. 鈥�  鈥淭he First Amendment wasn鈥檛 written to protect the speech we like, because that doesn鈥檛 need any protection. We already like it. The First Amendment was written to protect the speech we hate.鈥�

Other topics Napolitano addressed from questions offered by members of the audience included the trend on college campuses to restrict free speech and the increasing polarization within civil discourse today.

The leadership and ethics conference continues today with discussion of topics such as civil discourse on college campuses and the role of journalists in holding government accountable. 

- Mary Price

-VMI-